Benchmarking an open source image manipulation program. You can see four different tests with slightly different profiles.
This looks like mostly a single-threaded program. This accounts for a low amount of on-cpu time. Somewhat branchy code with a moderate amount of floating point. Backend and particularly memory access seems to take largest share of time.
elapsed 262.274
on_cpu 0.121 # 1.94 / 16 cores
utime 366.606
stime 141.072
nvcsw 4489040 # 99.83%
nivcsw 7840 # 0.17%
inblock 262848 # 1002.19/sec
onblock 2932088 # 11179.48/sec
cpu-clock 504118685148 # 504.119 seconds
task-clock 505485321404 # 505.485 seconds
page faults 50883528 # 100662.721/sec
context switches 4497375 # 8897.143/sec
cpu migrations 10959 # 21.680/sec
major page faults 729 # 1.442/sec
minor page faults 50882799 # 100661.279/sec
alignment faults 0 # 0.000/sec
emulation faults 0 # 0.000/sec
branches 361656385246 # 143.514 branches per 1000 inst
branch misses 13952901330 # 3.86% branch miss
conditional 267322482059 # 106.080 conditional branches per 1000 inst
indirect 7525360183 # 2.986 indirect branches per 1000 inst
cpu-cycles 2188314398268 # 0.53 GHz
instructions 2509486134649 # 1.15 IPC
slots 4384834911768 #
retiring 844543083364 # 19.3% (20.6%)
-- ucode 2508221097 # 0.1%
-- fastpath 842034862267 # 19.2%
frontend 985978905389 # 22.5% (24.0%)
-- latency 717473756388 # 16.4%
-- bandwidth 268505149001 # 6.1%
backend 2164748146131 # 49.4% (52.7%)
-- cpu 542851638476 # 12.4%
-- memory 1621896507655 # 37.0%
speculation 113713583073 # 2.6% ( 2.8%)
-- branch mispredict 107823545927 # 2.5%
-- pipeline restart 5890037146 # 0.1%
smt-contention 275354088418 # 6.3% ( 0.0%)
cpu-cycles 2177473596639 # 0.53 GHz
instructions 2498720982907 # 1.15 IPC
instructions 833123582177 # 23.471 l2 access per 1000 inst
l2 hit from l1 14295187339 # 21.63% l2 miss
l2 miss from l1 1897261648 #
l2 hit from l2 pf 2926997800 #
l3 hit from l2 pf 808079008 #
l3 miss from l2 pf 1523752563 #
instructions 835136271658 # 168.563 float per 1000 inst
float 512 293 # 0.000 AVX-512 per 1000 inst
float 256 276 # 0.000 AVX-256 per 1000 inst
float 128 140773377324 # 168.563 AVX-128 per 1000 inst
float MMX 0 # 0.000 MMX per 1000 inst
float scalar 0 # 0.000 scalar per 1000 inst
Intel metrics
elapsed 323.082
on_cpu 0.131 # 2.10 / 16 cores
utime 531.315
stime 146.991
nvcsw 10503543 # 99.85%
nivcsw 15479 # 0.15%
inblock 8 # 0.02/sec
onblock 2931888 # 9074.76/sec
cpu-clock 670147573846 # 670.148 seconds
task-clock 671777403316 # 671.777 seconds
page faults 50351069 # 74952.013/sec
context switches 10519619 # 15659.382/sec
cpu migrations 30361 # 45.195/sec
major page faults 1 # 0.001/sec
minor page faults 50351068 # 74952.012/sec
alignment faults 0 # 0.000/sec
emulation faults 0 # 0.000/sec
branches 342678860344 # 135.988 branches per 1000 inst
branch misses 3385141914 # 0.99% branch miss
conditional 342679096184 # 135.988 conditional branches per 1000 inst
indirect 49044340836 # 19.463 indirect branches per 1000 inst
slots 6042017136368 #
retiring 2057791788255 # 34.1% (34.1%)
-- ucode 206973543335 # 3.4%
-- fastpath 1850818244920 # 30.6%
frontend 869596524785 # 14.4% (14.4%)
-- latency 441086010050 # 7.3%
-- bandwidth 428510514735 # 7.1%
backend 2531687347647 # 41.9% (41.9%)
-- cpu 625305575545 # 10.3%
-- memory 1906381772102 # 31.6%
speculation 609068467938 # 10.1% (10.1%)
-- branch mispredict 488700891743 # 8.1%
-- pipeline restart 120367576195 # 2.0%
smt-contention 0 # 0.0% ( 0.0%)
cpu-cycles 3264854609930 # 0.61 GHz
instructions 4152760303612 # 1.27 IPC
l2 access 47561932109 # 20.313 l2 access per 1000 inst
l2 miss 20055987975 # 42.17% l2 miss
The process profile has a large number of “worker” threads. These seem to be launched in parallel but not on the CPU at the same time.
7389 processes
5580 worker 5202.05 1937.17
420 gdbus 348.48 129.47
425 gmain 348.39 129.44
36 gimp 292.85 67.87
12 async 292.80 67.83
360 file-jpeg 53.88 61.30
12 bzip2 11.24 0.14
12 async-ind 1.99 1.98
12 xz 1.94 0.15
36 script-fu 1.62 0.24
38 vulkaninfo 0.75 1.14
6 glxinfo:gdrv0 0.09 0.07
6 php 0.08 0.13
4 vulkani:disk$0 0.08 0.12
2 glxinfo 0.06 0.03
2 glxinfo:cs0 0.05 0.03
2 glxinfo:disk$0 0.05 0.03
2 glxinfo:sh0 0.05 0.03
2 glxinfo:shlo0 0.05 0.03
2 llvmpipe-0 0.04 0.06
2 llvmpipe-1 0.04 0.06
2 llvmpipe-10 0.04 0.06
2 llvmpipe-11 0.04 0.06
2 llvmpipe-12 0.04 0.06
2 llvmpipe-13 0.04 0.06
2 llvmpipe-14 0.04 0.06
2 llvmpipe-15 0.04 0.06
2 llvmpipe-2 0.04 0.06
2 llvmpipe-3 0.04 0.06
2 llvmpipe-4 0.04 0.06
2 llvmpipe-5 0.04 0.06
2 llvmpipe-6 0.04 0.06
2 llvmpipe-7 0.04 0.06
2 llvmpipe-8 0.04 0.06
2 llvmpipe-9 0.04 0.06
6 clang 0.03 0.07
12 rawtherapee 0.03 0.02
24 tar 0.02 1.72
12 swap writer 0.00 292.80
12 [pango] FcInit 0.00 2.09
1 lspci 0.00 0.03
107 sh 0.00 0.00
36 file-darktable 0.00 0.00
16 bash 0.00 0.00
16 rm 0.00 0.00
12 awk 0.00 0.00
12 file-glob 0.00 0.00
12 file-heif 0.00 0.00
12 file-rawtherape 0.00 0.00
12 gcc 0.00 0.00
12 head 0.00 0.00
9 stty 0.00 0.00
8 gsettings 0.00 0.00
8 stat 0.00 0.00
8 systemd-detect- 0.00 0.00
6 llvm-link 0.00 0.00
5 phoronix-test-s 0.00 0.00
3 dconf worker 0.00 0.00
2 lscpu 0.00 0.00
2 uname 0.00 0.00
2 which 0.00 0.00
2 xset 0.00 0.00
1 cc 0.00 0.00
1 date 0.00 0.00
1 dirname 0.00 0.00
1 dmesg 0.00 0.00
1 dmidecode 0.00 0.00
1 grep 0.00 0.00
1 ifconfig 0.00 0.00
1 ip 0.00 0.00
1 lsmod 0.00 0.00
1 mktemp 0.00 0.00
1 ps 0.00 0.00
1 readlink 0.00 0.00
1 realpath 0.00 0.00
1 sed 0.00 0.00
1 sort 0.00 0.00
1 systemctl 0.00 0.00
1 template.sh 0.00 0.00
1 wc 0.00 0.00
1 xrandr 0.00 0.00